GOAT Network outlined how BitVM2 enables Bitcoin-enforceable bridges without forks, using optimistic verification with permissionless challenges and Bitcoin as the dispute layer.
Without a hard fork, Bitcoin can’t natively verify the state transitions of a zkRollup. L1 gives you signatures, timelocks, hashlocks, and Taproot - not a general verifier.
BitVM is the most general workaround under that constraint.